Moldovans are casting ballots in two key votes that could determine whether the European Union candidate country, which borders Ukraine, remains on a pro-Western path amid ongoing allegations that Russia has tried to undermine the electoral process.
Incumbent Maia Sandu is the favourite to secure another term in office in a presidential race in which 11 candidates are running.
Voters will also choose “yes” or “no” in a referendum on whether to enshrine in the country’s constitution its path towards the 27-nation EU.
Polls by WatchDog, a Chisinau-based think tank, show a clear majority of more than 50% support the EU path. The referendum needs a one-third turnout to be valid.
Polling stations opened at 7am (0400GMT) and are expected to close at 9pm (1800GMT).
If Ms Sandu fails to win an outright majority on Sunday, a run-off will be held on November 3 which could pit her against Alexandr Stoianoglo, a Russia-friendly former prosecutor general who is polling at around 10%.
The two pivotal ballots are being held amid ongoing claims by Moldovan authorities that Moscow has intensified an alleged “hybrid war” campaign to destabilise the country and derail its EU path.
The allegations include funding pro-Moscow opposition groups, spreading disinformation, meddling in local elections, and backing a major vote-buying scheme.
US national security spokesman John Kirby echoed those concerns this week, saying in a statement that “Russia is working actively to undermine Moldova’s election and its European integration”. Moscow has repeatedly denied it is interfering in Moldova.
“In the last several months, Moscow has dedicated millions of dollars to influencing Moldova’s presidential election,” Mr Kirby said.
“We assess that this money has gone toward financing its preferred parties and spreading disinformation on social media in favour of their campaigns.”
In early October, Moldovan law enforcement said it had uncovered a massive vote-buying scheme orchestrated by Ilan Shor, an exiled pro-Russia oligarch who currently resides in Russia, which paid 15 million euros (£12.5 million) to 130,000 individuals to undermine the two ballots.
Mr Shor, who was sentenced in his absence last year to 15 years in jail for fraud and money laundering in the case of 1 billion US dollars (£766 million) that went missing from Moldovan banks in 2014, denied the allegations, saying “the payments are legal” and cited a right to freedom of expression.
His populist Russia-friendly Shor Party was declared unconstitutional last year and banned.
On Thursday, Moldovan authorities foiled another plot in which more than 100 young Moldovans received training in Moscow from private military groups on how to create civil unrest around the two votes.
Some also attended “more advanced training in guerrilla camps” in Serbia and Bosnia, police said, and four people were detained for 30 days.
A pro-Western government has been in power in Moldova since 2021, a year after Ms Sandu won the presidency, and a parliamentary election will be held next year.
Moldova, a former Soviet republic with a population of about 2.5 million, applied to join the EU in the wake of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine on February 24 2022, and was granted candidate status that summer, alongside Ukraine.
Brussels agreed in June to start membership negotiations.
